. . .4問／512点600〜700語程度約10分B1程度 訳 あなたの場合，１日はいつ始まりますか 「あなたは朝型人間ですか」と尋ねられると，「いいえ，私は夜型人間です」と答える人もいるだろう。そのような人は，夜になると集中力が増して創造的になることができる。それとはまったく逆に，有名なことわざは「早起きの鳥は虫を捕まえる（早起きは三文の徳）」と主張しているが，これは，早起きすることが，食べ物を手に入れ，賞を獲得し，目標を達成するための方法だということを意味する。ヒバリは朝に鳴く鳥なので，早起きの鳥とは，フクロウの逆，ヒバリのことである。日中に活動する生き物は「昼行性」で，夜になると姿を現す生き物は「夜行性」である。︙︙⁝⁝⁝（２１１０―２８）（２１１０―２８）（２１１０―２９）4141When Does the Day Begin for You?When Does the Day Begin for You?When Does the Day Begin for You?is part of our nature.!achievesgoalsquickly■ Basically,!achievesgoalsquickly"likeskeepingpetbirds■ Perspectives keep changing with new research."likeskeepingpetbirds#livelyinthedaytimeInteresting Details#livelyinthedaytime$skillfulinfindingfood■ The Jewish and Christian religions, as well as Chinese time $skillfulinfindingfood―２８―WhenDoestheDayBeginforYou?WhenDoestheDayBeginforYou?4040394242434340clock,awell-knownproverbclaims:“Theearlybirdcatchestheworm,”whichmeansthatwakingearlyisthewaytogetfood,winprizes,andreachgoals.Thelarkisamorningsinger,soearlybirds,theoppositeofowls,arelarks.Creaturesactiveduringthedayare“diurnal”andthoseemergingatnightare“nocturnal.”healthy,wealthy,andwise.”Larksmayjumpoutofbedandwelcomethesomereply“No,I’manightmorningwithabigbreakfast,whileowlshitthesnoozebutton,gettingreadyatowl.”Suchpeoplecanconcentrateandcreateatnight.Attheotherendofthethelastminute,usuallywithoutbreakfast.Theymayhavefewermeals,butclock,awell-knownproverbclaims:“Theearlybirdcatchestheworm,”whichtheyeatlateintheday.Notexercisingaftermealscancauseweightgain.meansthatwakingearlyisthewaytogetfood,winprizes,andreachgoals.Perhapslarksarehealthier.Owlsmustworkorlearnonthelarkschedule.Thelarkisamorningsinger,soearlybirds,theoppositeofowls,arelarks.Mostschoolingoccursbefore４:００p.m.,soyounglarksmayperformcertainCreaturesactiveduringthedayare“diurnal”andthoseemergingatnightaretasksbetter.Businessdealsmadeearlyinthedaymaymakesomelarks“nocturnal.”experiencebeginswithdarkness.Sincetraditionalstudytimeandofficeworkwealthier.Yetanotherproverbstates:“Earlytobed,earlytorisemakesamanhappenindaylight,weassumethatdaybeginsinthemorning.PeopleasleepWhatmakesonepersonalarkandanotheranowl?Onetheorysuggestshealthy,wealthy,andwise.”Larksmayjumpoutofbedandwelcomethearenotfirstinline,andmightmisschances.preferencefordayornighthastodowithtimeofbirth.In２０１０,Clevelandmorningwithabigbreakfast,whileowlshitthesnoozebutton,gettingreadyatDoeseveryonefollowthesystemofbeginningdaysinthemorning?TheStateUniversityresearchersfoundevidencethatnotonlydoesaperson’sthelastminute,usuallywithoutbreakfast.Theymayhavefewermeals,butJewishpeople,anapproximately６，０００-year-oldreligiousgroup,believeadayisinternalclockstartatthemomentofbirth,butthatthosebornatnightmighttheyeatlateintheday.Notexercisingaftermealscancauseweightgain.measuredfromsundownuntilthefollowingsundown―fromevetoeve.havelifelongchallengesperformingduringdaytimehours.Usually,theirworldPerhapslarksarehealthier.Owlsmustworkorlearnonthelarkschedule.ChristianscontinuethistraditionwithChristmasEve.TheChineseusetheirexperiencebeginswithdarkness.SincetraditionalstudytimeandofficeworkMostschoolingoccursbefore４:００p.m.,soyounglarksmayperformcertainsystemof１２animalsnotonlytomarkyears,buttoseparateeachtwo-hourhappenindaylight,weassumethatdaybeginsinthemorning.Peopleasleepperiodoftheday.Thehouroftherat,thefirstperiod,isfrom１１:００p.m.totasksbetter.Businessdealsmadeearlyinthedaymaymakesomelarksarenotfirstinline,andmightmisschances.１:００a.m.Chineseculturealsobeginsthedayatnight.Inotherwords,ancientwealthier.Doeseveryonefollowthesystemofbeginningdaysinthemorning?Thecustomssupporthowowlsviewtime.Whatmakesonepersonalarkandanotheranowl?OnetheorysuggestsJewishpeople,anapproximately６，０００-year-oldreligiousgroup,believeadayisResearchindicatesowlsaresmarterandmorecreative.So,perhapslarkspreferencefordayornighthastodowithtimeofbirth.In２０１０,Clevelandmeasuredfromsundownuntilthefollowingsundown―fromevetoeve.arenotalwayswiser!Thatistosay,larkswin“healthy”andsometimesStateUniversityresearchersfoundevidencethatnotonlydoesaperson’sChristianscontinuethistraditionwithChristmasEve.TheChineseusetheir“wealthy,”buttheymaylose“wise.”Inanearlyreport,RichardD.RobertsVocabularyinternalclockstartatthemomentofbirth,butthatthosebornatnightmightsystemof１２animalsnotonlytomarkyears,buttoseparateeachtwo-hourandPatrickC.Kyllonenstatethatowlstendtobemoreintelligent.Alater,Vocabulary Definition of diurnal: 39havelifelongchallengesperformingduringdaytimehours.Usually,theirworldperiodoftheday.Thehouroftherat,thefirstperiod,isfrom１１:００p.m.tocomprehensivestudybyFranzisPreckel,forwhichRobertswasoneofthe Definition of diurnal: ⇔ opposite: nocturnal39―２８―１:００a.m.Chineseculturealsobeginsthedayatnight.Inotherwords,ancientco-authors,cametothesameconclusion.Itisnotallgoodnewsforowls, ⇔ opposite: nocturnalcustomssupporthowowlsviewtime.The Main Pointsthough.Notonlycanschoolworkbeachallenge,buttheymaymissdaytimeResearchindicatesowlsaresmarterandmorecreative.So,perhapslarksThe Main Points■ Not all of us fit easily into the common daytime schedule, but careeropportunitiesandaremorelikelytoenjoythebadhabitsof“nightlife,”arenotalwayswiser!Thatistosay,larkswin“healthy”andsometimes■ Not all of us fit easily into the common daytime schedule, but we are forced to follow it, especially when we are children.playingatnightwhilelarkssleep.Nightlifetendstobeexpensive.A“wealthy,”buttheymaylose“wise.”Inanearlyreport,RichardD.Robertswe are forced to follow it, especially when we are children.UniversityofBarcelonastudysuggestslarksareprecise,seekperfection,and■ Some studies indicate that the most active time for each of us andPatrickC.Kyllonenstatethatowlstendtobemoreintelligent.Alater,feellittlestress.Owlsseeknewadventuresandexcitingleisureactivities,yet■ Some studies indicate that the most active time for each of us is part of our nature.comprehensivestudybyFranzisPreckel,forwhichRobertswasoneofthetheyoftenhavetroublerelaxing.is part of our nature.■ Basically,co-authors,cametothesameconclusion.Itisnotallgoodnewsforowls,︙Canpeoplechange?Whiletheresultsarenotallin,studiesofyoung■ Basically,■ Perspectives keep changing with new research.though.Notonlycanschoolworkbeachallenge,buttheymaymissdaytimeadultsseemtosayno,wearehard-wired.So,asyoungpeoplegrowand■ Perspectives keep changing with new research.Yoursummarynotes:careeropportunitiesandaremorelikelytoenjoythebadhabitsof“nightlife,”Interesting Detailsacquiremorefreedom,theyendupreturningtotheirlarkorowlnature.playingatnightwhilelarkssleep.Nightlifetendstobeexpensive.AInteresting Details■ The Jewish and Christian religions, as well as Chinese time However,concernsarisethatthiscategorizationmaynotfiteveryone.InUniversityofBarcelonastudysuggestslarksareprecise,seekperfection,and■ The Jewish and Christian religions, as well as Chinese time .︙division, are referred to in the article in order to additiontotimeofbirthpossiblybeinganindication,areportpublishedinVocabularyfeellittlestress.Owlsseeknewadventuresandexcitingleisureactivities,yet .division, are referred to in the article in order to ■ Some studies show that may set a person’s internal clock NatureCommunicationssuggeststhatDNAmayalsoaffectourhabits Definition of diurnal: theyoftenhavetroublerelaxing.■ Some studies show that may set a person’s internal clock and may be the explanation for differences in intelligence and concerningtime.Otherworksfocusonchangesoccurringinsomepeopledue ⇔ opposite: nocturnalCanpeoplechange?Whiletheresultsarenotallin,studiesofyoungtoagingorillness.Newresearchinthisareaappearsallthetime.Astudyofand may be the explanation for differences in intelligence and . adultsseemtosayno,wearehard-wired.So,asyoungpeoplegrowandThe Main PointsuniversitystudentsinRussiasuggeststhattherearesixtypes,soowlsand . acquiremorefreedom,theyendupreturningtotheirlarkorowlnature.■ Not all of us fit easily into the common daytime schedule, but larksmaynotbetheonlybirdsaround!However,concernsarisethatthiscategorizationmaynotfiteveryone.Inwe are forced to follow it, especially when we are children.問１Choosethebestoptionfor３９.additiontotimeofbirthpossiblybeinganindication,areportpublishedin―２９―■ Some studies indicate that the most active time for each of us 問１Choosethebestoptionfor３９.NatureCommunicationssuggeststhatDNAmayalsoaffectourhabitsconcerningtime.Otherworksfocusonchangesoccurringinsomepeopleduetoagingorillness.Newresearchinthisareaappearsallthetime.AstudyofuniversitystudentsinRussiasuggeststhattherearesixtypes,soowlsandlarksmaynotbetheonlybirdsaround!Yoursummarynotes:Yoursummarynotes:yournextmeeting.Whenasked“Areyouamorningperson?”yournextmeeting.Yetanotherproverbstates:“Earlytobed,earlytorisemakesamanWhenasked“Areyouamorningperson?”somereply“No,I’manight どのような理由で，ある人はヒバリに，ほかの人はフクロウになるのだろうか。１つの説は，昼か夜の好みの違いは生まれた時刻と関係があると述べている。2010年，クリーブランド州立大学の研究者らは，人の体内時計が生まれた瞬間に始まるだけでなく，夜中に生まれた人は生涯にわたって日中に実力を発揮することが難しくなる可能性があるという証拠を発見した。たいてい，そうした人の世界体験は暗闇の中で始まる。昔から勉強時間や勤務時間は昼間に行われるので，私たちは１日が朝に始まるのは当然だと思っている。眠っている人々は最前線におらず，チャンスを逃してしまうかもしれない。 研究では，フクロウのほうがより賢く，創造力に富んでいることを示している。したがって，ヒバリのほうが必ずしもより賢いというわけではないのだろう！ つまり，ヒバリは「健康」と，場合によっては「富」で勝るが，「賢さ」では負けているのかもしれない。以前の調査報告で，リチャード・D・ロバーツとパトリック・C・キロネンは，フクロウはより高い知性を示す傾向があると述べている。その後，ロバーツが共著者の１人として参加したフランジス・プレッケルによる包括的な研究でも，同じ結論に達している。ただし，これはフクロウにとって，まったくの朗報というわけではない。学業が困難なものになる可能性があるだけでなく，昼間の仕事のチャンスを逃すかもしれず，ヒバリが眠っている夜中に遊ぶ「ナイトライフ」の悪い習慣が身についてしまいがちである。このナイトライフは高くつく可能性が高い。バルセロナ大学の研究では，ヒバリはきちょうめんで，完璧さを求め，ストレスをほとんど感じないことを示している。フクロウは新しい冒険や刺激的な余暇活動を求めるが，心を休めるのに苦心することが多い。要約メモ：興味深い詳細情報 ⁝・ いくつかの研究は，42が人の体内時計を設定しているかもしれず，知能と43との違いを説明できる可能性があることを示している。設問数／マーク数配点本文語数目標解答時間CEFRレベル 例題 ※第2回（令和4年度）共通テスト本試験より抜粋（リード文は省略）第６問Ａ第６問では毎回，長い論説文が出題される（最近第６問（配点２４）では見開き２ページほどのものがAとBの２種ＡYourstudygroupislearningabout“howtimeofdayaffectspeople.”You類）。第6問Aのテーマは，第2回試行調査ではhavefoundanarticleyouwanttoshare.Completethesummarynotesfor「女性パイロットの役割」，第1回共通テストでは「アイスホッケーでの安全性の確保」で，第2回第６問（配点２４）共通テストでは「朝型人間と夜型人間に関する研究」だった。ＡYourstudygroupislearningabout“howtimeofdayaffectspeople.”Youowl.”Suchpeoplecanconcentrateandcreateatnight.Attheotherendofthehavefoundanarticleyouwanttoshare.Completethesummarynotesfor設問データ（令和4年度共通テストによる）共通テスト 英語 リーディング 大問別・傾向と対策
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